Recovery after 25 years of the tree and palms species diversity on a selectively logged forest in a Venezuelan lowland ecosystem(Article)

Forest SystemsOpen AccessVolume 25, Issue 3, 2016, Article number e066 Lozada, J.R.aEmail Author, Arends, E.a, Sánchez, D.a, Villarreal, A.a, Guevara, J.a, Soriano, P.b, Costa, M.b View Correspondence (jump link) aGrupo de Investigación Manejo Múltiple de Ecosistemas Forestales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Vía Chorros de Milla, Mérida, Venezuela bJardín Botánico de la Universidad de Valencia, Calle Quart 80, Valencia, Spain Abstract View references (77) Aim of the study: We evaluate palm and tree species diversity in a floodplain forest and the changes affecting the plots subjected to different intensities of selective logging. Area of study: The western alluvial plains of Venezuela. Materials and Methods: A randomized complete blocks design was established 25 years ago with three felling treatments (trees with diameter greater than 20 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm). Each treatment had three replications, using 1 ha permanent plots. We have measured all trees and palms bigger than over 10 cm in diameter. The data set was used to calculate the Importance Value Index of each species, the Shannon-Wiener index, the Hill Numbers and the Chao-Sørensen index. Main results: Disturbance increases the importance value index of pioneer species like Cecropia peltata, Ochroma pyramidale and Triplaris americana. All treatments produce changes on the floristic diversity but most of them are not significant. Only the high impact treatment causes a decrease in the species richness, but after 5 year of recovery this parameter is close to its previous levels (N0= 43.5). In logged forests, species loss (9.2%) is lower than in the control plots (11.7%) and is also lower than the rate of occurrence of species input (14.6%). Research highlights: In these logged forests restoration of diversity is acceptable because is higher than 91% (Chao-Sørensen index). Selective logging, with low and medium intensity, is a disturbance that works in a similar way to natural disturbances. All the diversity indexes recovered the pre-harvest level values. © 2016 INIA. Author keywords Caparo - VenezuelaEcological restorationForest dynamicsForest managementForest successionIntermediate Disturbance HypothesisPermanent plots Funding details Funding number Funding sponsor Acronym Funding opportunities 2013001605 Universidad de los Andes Uniandes See opportunities by Uniandes Funding text Financial support was provided by Consejo de Desarrollo Cient?fico, Human?stico y Tecnol?gico, Universidad de Los Andes (Project # FO-713-12-01-B) and FONACIT (Project # 2013001605) ISSN: 21715068 Source Type: Journal Original language: English DOI: 10.5424/fs/2016253-08178 Document Type: Article Publisher: Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentacion References (77) View in search results format All 1 Arets, E. Long-term responses of populations and communities of trees to selective logging in tropical rain forests in Guyana (2005) Tropenbos Georgetown, Guyana 2 Berry, N.J., Phillips, O.L., Ong, R.C., Hamer, K.C. Impacts of selective logging on tree diversity across a rainforest landscape: The importance of spatial scale (2008) Landscape Ecology, 23 (8), pp. 915-929. Cited 40 times. doi: 10.1007/s10980-008-9248-1 View at Publisher 3 Bongers, F., Poorter, L., Hawthorne, W.D., Sheil, D. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis applies to tropical forests, but disturbance contributes little to tree diversity (2009) Ecology Letters, 12 (8), pp. 798-805. Cited 82 times. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01329.x View at Publisher 4 Burslem, D.F.R.P., Whitmore, T.C. Species diversity, susceptibility to disturbance and tree population dynamics in tropical rain forest (1999) Journal of Vegetation Science, 10 (6), pp. 767-776. Cited 58 times. http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1100-9233 doi: 10.2307/3237301 View at Publisher 5 Butler, C.D., Corvalan, C.F., Koren, H.S. Human health, well-being, and global ecological scenarios (2005) Ecosystems, 8 (2), pp. 153-162. Cited 23 times. doi: 10.1007/s10021-004-0076-0 View at Publisher 6 CAMPBELL, D.G., STONE, J.L., ROSAS, A. A comparison of the phytosociology and dynamics of three floodplain (Várzea) forests of known ages, Rio Juruá, western Brazilian Amazon (1992) Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 108 (3), pp. 213-237. Cited 117 times. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00240.x View at Publisher 7 Cannon, C.H., Peart, D.R., Leighton, M. Tree species diversity in commercially logged Bornean rainforest (1998) Science, 281 (5381), pp. 1366-1368. Cited 174 times. View at Publisher 8 Castro-Luna, A.A., Castillo-Campos, G., Sosa, V.J. Effects of selective logging and shifting cultivation on the structure and diversity of a tropical evergreen forest in South-Eastern Mexico (2011) Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 23 (1), pp. 17-34. Cited 9 times. http://www.frim.gov.my/jtfsonline/jtfs/v23n1/17-34.pdf 9 Chao, A., Chazdon, R.L., Shen, T.-J. A new statistical approach for assessing similarity of species composition with incidence and abundance data (2005) Ecology Letters, 8 (2), pp. 148-159. Cited 954 times. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00707.x View at Publisher 10 Colwell, R. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples (2013) Version, p. 9. Cited 20 times. http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates/ 11 Connell, J.H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs (1978) Science, 199 (4335), pp. 1302-1310. Cited 5061 times. View at Publisher 12 Curtis, J., McIntosh, R. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin (1951) Ecology, 32, pp. 476-496. Cited 581 times. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1931725 13 Dajoz, R. Tratado de Ecología. Mundi Prensa (2002) Madrid, p. 600. 14 Alves Damasceno Jr., G., Semir, J., Maës Dos Santos, F.A., De Freitas Leitão-Filho, H. Structure, distribution of species and inundation in a riparian forest of Rio Paraguai, Pantanal, Brazil (2005) Flora, 200 (2), pp. 119-135. Cited 55 times. www.urbanfischer.de/journals/flora/flora.htm doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2004.09.002 View at Publisher 15 Decocq, G., Beina, D., Jamoneau, A., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Closset-Kopp, D. Don't miss the forest for the trees! Evidence for vertical differences in the response of plant diversity to disturbance in a tropical rain forest (2014) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 16 (6), pp. 279-287. Cited 9 times. www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ppees/p_ecol.htm doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2014.09.001 View at Publisher 16 De Oliveira, L. (2005) Efeito Da exploração Da Madeira E De Diferentes Intensidades De Desbastes Sobre a dinâmica Da vegetação De Uma área De 156 Ha Na Floresta Nacional Do Tapajós. Cited 16 times. PhD thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 17 de Oliveira, A.P., Schiavini, I., do Vale, V.S., Lopes, S.F., Arantes, C.S., Gusson, A.E., Prado Júnior, J.A., (...), Dias-Neto, O.C. Mortality, recruitment and growth of the tree communities in three forest formations at the Panga Ecological Station over ten years (1997-2007) (2014) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 28 (2), pp. 234-248. Cited 8 times. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abb/v28n2/a10v28n2.pdf doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062014000200010 View at Publisher 18 Denslow, J. Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees (1980) Biotropica, 12, pp. 47-55. Cited 493 times. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388156 19 DeWalt, S.J., Maliakal, S.K., Denslow, J.S. Changes in vegetation structure and composition along a tropical forest chronosequence: Implications for wildlife (2003) Forest Ecology and Management, 182 (1-3), pp. 139-151. Cited 135 times. www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/5/0/3/3/1/0 doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00029-X View at Publisher 20 Edwards, D.P., Tobias, J.A., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., Laurance, W.F. Maintaining ecosystem function and services in logged tropical forests (2014) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 29 (9), pp. 511-520. Cited 81 times. www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/0/3/3/9 doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.003 View at Publisher 21 Faber-Langendoen, D. Ecological constraints on rain forest management at Bajo Calima, western Colombia (1992) Forest Ecology and Management, 53 (1-4), pp. 213-244. Cited 18 times. doi: 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90044-A View at Publisher 22 Felton, A., Felton, A.M., Wood, J., Lindenmayer, D.B. Vegetation structure, phenology, and regeneration in the natural and anthropogenic tree-fall gaps of a reduced-impact logged subtropical Bolivian forest (2006) Forest Ecology and Management, 235 (1-3), pp. 186-193. Cited 40 times. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.011 View at Publisher 23 Ferreira, L.V., Prance, G.T. Ecosystem recovery in terra firme forests after cutting and burning: A comparison on species richness, floristic composition and forest structure in the Jau National Park, Amazonia (1999) Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 130 (2), pp. 97-110. Cited 28 times. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117997017/home doi: 10.1006/bojl.1998.0224 View at Publisher 24 Fox, J.W. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis should be abandoned (2013) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28 (2), pp. 86-92. Cited 133 times. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.014 View at Publisher 25 Franco, W. (1982) Estudio Y Levantamiento De Sitios Con Fines De Manejo Forestal En La Unidad Uno De La Reserva Forestal Caparo. Cited 2 times. Estado Barinas. Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela 26 García-Berthou, E., Alcaraz, C., Benejam, L., Benito, J. Diseño experimental y análisis de datos (2009) Conceptos Y técnicas En ecología Fluvial, pp. 397-412. Cited 2 times. (Elosegui A, Sabater S, eds). Fundación BBVA. España. pp 27 Gourlet-Fleury, S., Beina, D., Fayolle, A., Ouédraogo, D.-Y., Mortier, F., Bénédet, F., Closset-Kopp, D., (...), Decocq, G. Silvicultural disturbance has little impact on tree species diversity in a Central African moist forest (2013) Forest Ecology and Management, 304, pp. 322-332. Cited 19 times. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.021 View at Publisher 28 Guariguata, M.R., Ostertag, R. Neotropical secondary forest succession: Changes in structural and functional characteristics (2001) Forest Ecology and Management, 148 (1-3), pp. 185-206. Cited 589 times. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00535-1 View at Publisher 29 Guevara, J. (2001) Recursos fitogenéticos Y Relaciones florísticas De La flórula arbórea De Las Comunidades Forestales En La Estación Experimental Caparo. Cited 3 times. Estado Barinas. Master thesis. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Maracay, Venezuela 30 Hamilton, L. Minimizing the adverse impacts of harvesting in humid tropical forests (1988) Ecological Development in the Humid Tropics, pp. 191-235. Lugo A, Clark J, Child R, eds). Winrock International, Arkansas, USA. pp 31 Hartshorn, G. Neotropical forest dynamics (1980) Biotropica, 12, pp. 23-30. Cited 207 times. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388152 32 Hays, W. (1988) Statistics. Cited 2589 times. Holt, Rineheart and Winston. New York 33 Johnson, N., Cabarle, B. (1995) Sobreviviendo a La Tala: Manejo Del Bosque Natural En Los trópicos húmedos. Cited 2 times. World Resources Institute, Consejo Centroamericano de Bosques y Áreas Protegidas, Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo. Washington 34 Jurgenson, O. Mapa de vegetación y uso actual del Área Experimental de la Reserva Forestal de Caparo, Estado Barinas (1994) Cuaderno Del Comodato ULA-MARNR, (22). Cited 2 times. Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela 35 Kammesheidt, L. (1994) Estructura Y Diversidad En Bosques Explotados De Los Llanos Venezolanos Occidentales Considerando Algunas características autoecológicas De Las Especies más Importantes. Cited 3 times. Doctoral thesis. Georg-AugustUniversität Göttingen, Germany 36 Kammesheidt, L. Stand structure and spatial pattern of commercial species in logged and unlogged Venezuelan forest (1998) Forest Ecology and Management, 109 (1-3), pp. 163-174. Cited 32 times. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00245-X View at Publisher 37 Kammesheidt, L. Some autecological characteristics of early to late successional tree species in Venezuela (2000) Acta Oecologica, 21 (1), pp. 37-48. Cited 18 times. doi: 10.1016/S1146-609X(00)00108-9 View at Publisher 38 Kammesheidt, L., Lezama, A.T., Franco, W., Plonczak, M. History of logging and silvicultural treatments in the western Venezuelan plain forests and the prospect for sustainable forest management (2001) Forest Ecology and Management, 148 (1-3), pp. 1-20. Cited 14 times. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00529-6 View at Publisher 39 Kammesheidt, L., Köhler, P., Huth, A. Sustainable timber harvesting in Venezuela: A modelling approach (2001) Journal of Applied Ecology, 38 (4), pp. 756-770. Cited 55 times. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00629.x View at Publisher 40 Kariuki, M., Kooyman, R.M., Smith, R.G.B., Wardell-Johnson, G., Vanclay, J.K. Regeneration changes in tree species abundance, diversity and structure in logged and unlogged subtropical rainforest over a 36-year period (2006) Forest Ecology and Management, 236 (2-3), pp. 162-176. Cited 26 times. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.021 View at Publisher 41 Kershaw, H.M., Mallik, A.U. Predicting Plant Diversity Response to Disturbance: Applicability of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis and Mass Ratio Hypothesis (2013) Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 32 (6), pp. 383-395. Cited 23 times. doi: 10.1080/07352689.2013.791501 View at Publisher 42 Kier, G., Mutke, J., Dinerstein, E., Ricketts, T.H., Küper, W., Kreft, H., Barthlott, W. Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge (2005) Journal of Biogeography, 32 (7), pp. 1107-1116. Cited 236 times. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01272.x View at Publisher 43 Knab-Vispo, C., Berry, P., Rodriguez, G. Floristic and structural characterization of a lowland rain forest in the lower Caura watershed, Venezuelan Guayana (1999) Acta Botanica Venezuelica, 22, pp. 325-359. 44 (2004) Multi Variate Statistical Package. Cited 2 times. MVSP Version 3.13I http://www.kovcomp.co.uk/mvsp/ 45 Lohbeck, M. (2014) Functional Ecology of Tropical Forest Recovery Doctoral thesis. Wageningen University, Netherlands 46 Lozada, J.R. (2008) Sucesión Vegetal En Bosques Aprovechados De La Reserva Forestal Caparo Y Reserva Forestal Imataca. Cited 4 times. Venezuela. PhD thesis, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain 47 Lozada, J.R., Arends, E., Sánchez, D., Villarreal, A., Soriano, P., Costa, M. Cambios de composición florística en bosques aprovechados de la Estación Experimental Caparo (2009) Revista Forestal Latinoamericana, 24, pp. 35-50. 48 Lozada, J.R., Lugo, L., Sánchez, D., Villarreal, A., Soriano, P., Costa, M. Influencia del suelo sobre las variaciones del sotobosque, en patios de rolas abandonados, Estación Experimental Caparo, Venezuela (2010) Revista Forestal Latinoamericana, 25, pp. 36-56. 49 Lozada, J.R., Arends, E., Sánchez, D., Villarreal, A., Soriano, P., Costa, M. Vegetation succession of logged forest in the western alluvial plains of Venezuela (2012) J Trop for Sci, 24 (3), pp. 300-311. Cited 2 times. 50 Magnusson, W.E., De Lima, O.P., Quintiliano Reis, F., Higuchi, N., Ferreira Ramos, J. Logging activity and tree regeneration in an Amazonian forest (1999) Forest Ecology and Management, 113 (1), pp. 67-74. Cited 45 times. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00418-6 View at Publisher 51 Magurran, A. (1988) Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Cited 7386 times. Croom and Helm, London http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7358-0 52 Molles, M. (2006) Ecología: Conceptos Y Aplicaciones. Cited 6 times. Mc Graw Hill, Barcelona, España 53 Montgomery, D. Diseño y análisis de experimentos. Grupo Editorial Iberoamericana (1991) México DF 54 Moret, A., Valera, L., Mora, A., Garay, V., Jerez, M., Plonczak, M., Ramírez, N., (...), Hernández, D. Estructura horizontal y vertical de Pachira quinata (Jacq.) W.S. Alverson (Bombacaceae), en el Bosque Universitario “El Caimital”, Barinas, Venezuela (2008) Ecotrópicos, 21, pp. 62-74. 55 Odum, E. (1972) Ecología. Cited 28 times. Interamericana, México 56 Odum, E., Warret, G. (2006) Fundamentos De Ecología. Cited 89 times. Thomson, México 57 Pacheco, C., Aguado, I., Mollicone, D. Las causas de la deforestación en Venezuela: Un estudio retrospectivo (2011) Biollania (Edición Esp), 10, pp. 281-292. Cited 11 times. 58 Plonczak, M. (1993) Estructura Y Dinámica De Desarrollo De Bosques Naturales Manejados Bajo La Modalidad De Concesiones En Los Llanos Occidentales De Venezuela. Cited 6 times. Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano, Mérida, Venezuela 59 Plumptre, A.J. Changes following 60 years of selective timber harvesting in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda (1996) Forest Ecology and Management, 89 (1-3), pp. 101-113. Cited 110 times. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03854-6 View at Publisher 60 Putz, F.E., Zuidema, P.A., Synnott, T., Peña-Claros, M., Pinard, M.A., Sheil, D., Vanclay, J.K., (...), Zagt, R. Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical forests: The attained and the attainable (2012) Conservation Letters, 5 (4), pp. 296-303. Cited 222 times. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00242.x View at Publisher 61 Rivas-Martínez, S. (2004) Clasificación Bioclimática De La Tierra. Cited 11 times. http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/ 62 Roche, L. Forestry as seen by the foresters (1997) Unasylva, (190-191), pp. 79-85. 63 Ruschel, A. (2008) Dinâmica Da Composição Florística E Do Crescimento De Uma Floresta Explorada há 18 Anos Na Flona Tapajós, p. 341. PA. Documentos, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Belém 64 Rutten, G., Ensslin, A., Hemp, A., Fischer, M. Forest structure and composition of previously selectively logged and non-logged montane forests at Mt. Kilimanjaro (2015) Forest Ecology and Management, 337, pp. 61-66. Cited 12 times. www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/5/0/3/3/1/0 doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.036 View at Publisher 65 Saatchi, S., Buermann, W., ter Steege, H., Mori, S., Smith, T.B. Modeling distribution of Amazonian tree species and diversity using remote sensing measurements (2008) Remote Sensing of Environment, 112 (5), pp. 2000-2017. Cited 112 times. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2008.01.008 View at Publisher 66 Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J.S. Tree species composition, dispersion and diversity along a disturbance gradient in a dry tropical forest region of India (2003) Forest Ecology and Management, 186 (1-3), pp. 61-71. Cited 141 times. www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/5/0/3/3/1/0 doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00235-4 View at Publisher 67 Schargel, R. Geomorfología y suelos de los llanos venezolanos (2005) Tierras Llaneras De Venezuela, pp. 57-113. Hétier J, López R, eds). IRD, CIDIAT, UNELLEZ. Venezuela 68 Sheil, D., Burslem, D.F.R.P. Defining and defending Connell's intermediate disturbance hypothesis: A response to Fox (2013) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28 (10), pp. 571-572. Cited 36 times. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.07.006 View at Publisher 69 Smith, R., Smith, T. (2007) Ecología. Cited 4 times. Pearson, Madrid 70 (2006) SPSS Para Windows. Cited 4 times. Versión 15.0.1. Strasburger E, Noll F, Schenk, H, Schimper A, 2004 71 Actualizado Por Sitte, P., Weiler, E., Kadereit, J., Bresinski, A., Omega, K.C. Barcelona 72 Ter Steege, H., Welch, I., Zagt, R. Long-term effect of timber harvesting in the Bartica Triangle, Central Guyana (2002) Forest Ecology and Management, 170 (1-3), pp. 127-144. Cited 27 times. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00777-0 View at Publisher 73 Ter Steege, H., Pitman, N., Sabatier, D., Castellanos, H., Van Der Hout, P., Daly, D.C., Silveira, M., (...), Morawetz, W. A spatial model of tree α-diversity and tree density for the Amazon (2003) Biodiversity and Conservation, 12 (11), pp. 2255-2277. Cited 200 times. doi: 10.1023/A:1024593414624 View at Publisher 74 Van Andel, T. Floristic composition and diversity of mixed primary and secondary forests in northwest Guyana (2001) Biodiversity and Conservation, 10 (10), pp. 1645-1682. Cited 32 times. View at Publisher 75 Vásquez-Yanes, C., Guevara, S. Caracterización de los grupos ecológicos de árboles de la selva húmeda (1985) Investigaciones Sobre La Regeneración De Selvas Altas En Veracruz, 2, pp. 67-78. México (Gómez-Pompa A, Del Amo S, eds). Alhambra Mexicana. México 76 Verburg, R., Van Eijk-Bos, C. Effects of selective logging on tree diversity, composition and plant functional type patterns in a bornean rain forest (2003) Journal of Vegetation Science, 14 (1), pp. 99-110. Cited 37 times. http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1100-9233 doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02132.x View at Publisher 77 Zimmermann, R. (1992) Impactos Ambientales De Las Actividades Forestales. Cited 3 times. Guía de Conservación No. 7, FAO. Roma Lozada, J.R.; Grupo de Investigación Manejo Múltiple de Ecosistemas Forestales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Vía Chorros de Milla, Mérida, Venezuela; email:jolozada@ula.ve © Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.